General Science - Biology
Description
Life sciences fundamentals, systems, processes and their relevance to health, environment, and agriculture.
Learning Objectives
Learners will understand, apply, and analyze essential biology concepts, relate them to human health, technology, and society, and address issues of ecology, genetics, disease, and biotechnology in exams.
Topics (18)
Kingdoms, binomial nomenclature, taxonomic hierarchy, major examples from all groups.
Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms. Photosynthesis, reproduction, transpiration.
Protozoa to vertebrates, comparative anatomy, characteristics, animal reproduction.
Endocrine, skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive and excretory systems.
Carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, digestive physiology, malnutrition, deficiency diseases.
Organs, mechanism of breathing, gas exchange, role of hemoglobin, diseases (asthma, TB).
Heart, blood vessels, components of blood, circulation types, blood groups, heart diseases.
Kidneys, nephron, urine formation, osmoregulation, dialysis, common ailments.
Neuron, brain, spinal cord, central/peripheral/automatic nervous system, reflexes, neurological disorders.
Male/female organs, puberty, menstrual cycle, fertilization, contraception, reproductive disorders.
Communicable/non-communicable diseases, immunity types, immunization, major viral/bacterial diseases, HIV/AIDS, COVID-19.
Classification, disease-causing microorganisms, antibiotics, fermentation, food Industry application.
Recombinant DNA, cloning, GM crops, gene therapy, bioethics, modern trends.
Ecosystems, trophic levels, food chains/webs, biogeochemical cycles, biosphere reserves, importance for sustainability.
Green Revolution, plant breeding, types of crops, animal rearing, advances like hybrid seeds.
Public health systems, common ailments, lifestyle diseases, malnutrition, sanitation, government health policies.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic, animal/plant cells, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, mitosis, meiosis.
Laws of inheritance, genetic disorders, Darwin’s theory, natural selection, mutations, genetic engineering.