Environment and Ecology

In-situ and ex-situ conservation, protected areas, seed banks, zoos, botanical gardens, conservation breeding programs, habitat restoration.

Wildlife Protection Act 1972, CITES, Project Tiger, Project Elephant, endangered species, poaching, wildlife corridors, human-wildlife conflict.

Environment Protection Act 1986, Water and Air Acts, Forest Conservation Act, international conventions like CBD, UNFCCC, Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol.

Greenhouse gases, global warming potential, climate feedback loops, impacts on agriculture, sea level rise, extreme weather events, adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Primary and secondary pollutants, PM2.5, PM10, ozone depletion, acid rain, smog, air quality index, control technologies, policy measures.

Agricultural chemicals, industrial waste, heavy metals, soil degradation, bioremediation, phytoremediation, soil health management.

Sources of noise, decibel levels, health effects, noise regulations, control technologies, silent zones.

Municipal solid waste, biomedical waste, hazardous waste, e-waste, 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), composting, incineration, landfills, waste-to-energy.

Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass energy, fossil fuels, nuclear energy, energy efficiency, energy security, policy support.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), sustainable consumption and production, green economy, circular economy, sustainable agriculture, urban sustainability.

Forest types in India, deforestation, afforestation, sustainable forest management, REDD+, community forestry, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks.

EIA process, screening, scoping, impact prediction, mitigation measures, monitoring, public participation, environmental clearance.

Paris Agreement, Montreal Protocol, Basel Convention, Stockholm Convention, Convention on Biological Diversity, CITES, Ramsar Convention.

National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, world heritage sites, tiger reserves, elephant reserves, marine protected areas.

IUCN Red List categories, critically endangered species in India, conservation breeding programs, success stories, threats to species.

Land degradation, desertification, soil erosion, habitat fragmentation, loss of wetlands, urban environmental problems, industrial pollution.

Predator-prey relationships, carrying capacity, ecological succession, invasive species, habitat connectivity, ecosystem services.

Carbon credits, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), carbon trading, carbon footprint, carbon neutrality, REDD+ mechanism.

Clean technologies, green buildings, electric vehicles, renewable energy technologies, waste-to-energy, water treatment technologies, green chemistry.

Marine biodiversity, coral reefs, ocean acidification, marine pollution, overfishing, marine protected areas, blue economy.

Chipko movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Silent Valley movement, environmental activism, role of NGOs, grassroots conservation.

Point and non-point sources, eutrophication, BOD, COD, water quality parameters, sewage treatment, industrial effluent treatment, groundwater contamination.

Food chains, food webs, energy flow, nutrient cycling, types of ecosystems, species diversity, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity, keystone species.